Analysis of Host-Pathogen Interactions in Molecular Immunology-Based Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms
Keywords:
Antibiotic resistance, Host-pathogen interaction, Molecular immunology, Biofilm, Intracellular persistence, Host-directed therapyAbstract
This study aims to analyze host-pathogen interaction in antibiotic resistance mechanisms from a molecular immunology perspective. Antibiotic resistance remains a major health problem because treatment failure is shaped not only by bacterial genes, but also by immune pressure, tissue microenvironment, clinical practice, and pathogen adaptation. This study used a qualitative descriptive approach with a systematic literature review design and thematic synthesis. Data were collected through documentation of peer-reviewed academic articles published between 2020 and 2025 from databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Frontiers, Wiley Online Library, BMJ, The Lancet, and Google Scholar. No human participants were involved because the study was based on literature data. The analysis identified five main themes: antibiotic resistance as a host-pathogen ecological process, bacterial survival strategies under antibiotic pressure, the influence of the host microenvironment on antimicrobial response, immune evasion and intracellular persistence, and the potential role of host-directed therapy. The findings show that resistance cannot be understood only through bacterial mutation or drug failure. It must be interpreted as a relational process involving pathogens, antibiotics, immune responses, and infection ecology. This study contributes to molecular immunology by offering an integrated framework for understanding persistent and difficult-to-treat infections. The findings imply the need for better diagnostic interpretation, stronger molecular surveillance, responsible antibiotic use, and further studies that combine clinical, molecular, and immunological evidence.
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